Food Intake Circadian Chronology A Healthy Rising Science

This editorial establishes a circadian chronological basis for food intake orchestration in modern and postmodern humans, and illuminates roadmaps for future real-world research.

Chronophysiology is an evolutionary multiscience that enables animals including humans to cope with the fluctuating environment. Timing of food intake has been discovered to orchestrate postprandial circadian rhythms of nutrient ingestion, digestion, transport, and metabolism. As such, chrono-orchestration of food intake regulates appetite and eating rate after Chrononutritional physiology is a major unnoticed healthy science that, in light of realistic modeling and understanding of voluntary feed intake in food-producing ruminant models, offers practical perceptions towards establishing health-improving feasible nutritional programs and regimens. This is crucial considering that reliable hunger and nutrient intake predictions are indispensable to healthy and onchophobic provision of foods and nutrients to human cells. Such insightful knowledge can help formulate guidelines to prevent overnutrition and health issues namely overweight gain, obesity, and diabetes.

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Nutritional Adequacy of Vegetarian and Omnivore Dietary Intakes

Vegetarian diets take numerous forms with the exclusion of animal products being a shared factor. The most common variation is a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet, which excludes meat, fish and poultry but includes dairy and eggs. A vegan diet excludes all animal products so that meat, poultry, fish, dairy, eggs, gelatin, honey, animal derived additives and colours obtained from animal skeletons are not consumed. A fruitarian diet is a modified, more controlled version of the vegan diet that is primarily associated with the consumption of raw or dried fruits thus making this the least common of all vegetarian diets consumed and the one most likely to be lacking in essential nutrients. Interestingly, some individuals consider themselves to be vegetarian despite consuming meat products and a recent survey even reports a daily meat intake of approximately 80 grams by some self-identified vegetarians. Consequently, research concerning vegetarianism can be limited by the definition of a vegetarian diet and the motivating factors for being vegetarian.

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Recent Developments in Human Odor Detection Technologies

Human odor detection technologies have drawn attention due to the wide possibility of potential applications they open up in areas such as biometrics, criminal investigation and forensics, search for survivors under rubble, and security checkpoint screening. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been the most successful and powerful analytical approach developed to date for human odor analysis, and hundreds of human odorants have been identified using this tool. GC/MS has already enabled a good understanding to be obtained regarding human odor composition. Over the past two decades, research and development of E-nose technologies has accelerated at a fast pace, and in time may provide a complementary technology to those based on GC/MS. During the past several years, proof of concept has been demonstrated on the application of E-noses for real-time human odor detection and classification. In this review, the current state of technologies will be given on human odor analysis, detection, and classification, along with a discussion of each technology with a specific focus on recent developments. Technologies covered in this article include: various E-nose technologies; as well as gas chromatography integrated with mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, or other gas detectors. Other technologies will also be described such as optical sensors that have recently emerged for human odor detection, and the possibilities of exploiting absorbance spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging.

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Electronic-nose Applications in Forensic Science and for Analysis of Volatile Biomarkers in the Human Breath

The application of electronic-nose (E-nose) technologies in forensic science is a recent new development following a long history of progress in the development of diverse applications in the related biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Data from forensic analyses must satisfy the needs and requirements of both the scientific and legal communities. The type of data collected from electronic-nose devices provides a means of identifying specific types of information about the chemical nature of evidentiary objects and samples under investigation using aroma signature profiles of complex gaseous mixtures containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from manufactured products and parts of the human body. E-nose analyses also provide useful qualitative information about the physicochemical characteristics and metabolic conditions of human subjects without the need for time-consuming analyses to identify all chemical components in human-derived volatile mixtures. E-nose devices are capable of providing information for a wide range of forensic applications, useful for answering many types of questions relating to past events and details of circumstances and conditions that led to criminal activities involving human subjects and the perpetrators involved. E-nose devices have been used to help locate live subjects, buried in the rubble of collapsed buildings following natural disasters, as well as hidden bodies and the human remains of victims of accidents and crimes of aggression. The noninvasive analysis of gaseous mixtures in the human breath and lungs of living and deceased individuals provides a means for identifying the existence of diseases or adverse physiological conditions of human subjects (both before death and postmortem) potentially useful in determining the cause of death, time of death, and pertinent factors contributing to lethal events such as homicides and other violent crimes.

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Analysis of Sweat Simulant Mixtures using Multiplexed Arrays of DNA-Carbon Nanotube Vapor Sensors

Carbon nanotube (NT) based electronic vapor sensors were tested against synthetic sweat solutions, consisting of 13 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in saline, in order to probe the device ability to analyze and differentiate vapors derived from complex biological samples. Arrays of up to 56 NT devices each were fabricated and functionalized with single stranded DNA to increase sensitivity and selectivity. DNA/NT devices were able to differentiate changes as small as 50% in a compound with estimated concentration in the vapor at part-per-billion levels, in a complex vapor background that contained the thirteen VOCs. This sensor class has vapor response times on the order of ten seconds, and is reusable and self-refreshing. The fabrication process is scalable, and sensor arrays are compact compared to traditional analysis equipment such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The detectable differences among the simulated sweat mixtures were on the same scale as person-to-person variations in VOCs reported by others previously, demonstrating that DNA/NT vapor sensors show great promise for odor-based chemical biometric applications.

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Characteristic Human Scent Compounds Trapped on Natural and Synthetic Fabrics as analyzed by SPME-GC/MS

The collection of human odor volatiles is of interest to forensic applications as a path to investigate canine scent discriminations in legal investigations. A study using a selected array of previously identified human odor compounds has been conducted to determine the retention and release capabilities of five (5) natural and synthetic fabric types, cotton (mercerized fabric and gauze matrix), polyester, rayon and wool. A direct spike approach as well the use of a dynamic airflow device were the two approaches used for the collection of the selected volatile organic mix. The direct spike experiment showed how natural, cellulosic fibers such as viscose rayon showed an enhanced ability to release a reproducible volatile odor profile. Rayon demonstrated to be the fabric type with the highest recovered scent mass amounts, followed by wool and polyester. As was expected cotton showed the lowest recovered amounts, possibly due to its complex fiber morphology which enhances the possibility of chemicals to be retained in higher rates within the structure of the cotton fiber. Samples collected on the same fabric substrate showed a reproducible odor profile as measured via hierarchical clustering which corroborates previous live human odor studies and which can be pivotal in forensic biometric measurements. The introduction of an airflow variable to volatile collection decreased the amounts recovered for all fiber types. The reproducibility for each fabric type between replicate sampling was also reduced and a statistical significant difference (P<0.001) was observed in the interaction between airflow speed and fabric type. The cotton fabric was the material which showed enhance collection at the low airflow speed as observed by the recovered mass amount. In conclusion, these findings do indicate that chemical retention is strongly affected by fiber type and outside environmental variables such as airflow, which can alter the odor profile of a collected scent sample.

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Two basic reactions occur during the anodizing of aluminum: 1) the aluminum is consumed and 2) an oxide grows. By accepting this statement as true, the anodizing process can be viewed as a corrosion process, and anodizing can be modeled using the Tafel Equation. Anodizing process parameters of electrolyte chemistry and concentration, temperature, aluminum substrate resistance and current density are presented as they relate to the Tafel Equation and how they impact the anodic aluminum oxide structure and properties. Understanding this relationship is consequent in making anodizing an engineering process, one that enables tuning the structure such that it yields distinct characteristics to fulfill design and application requirements.

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